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Structure of cemented layer

Temperatures over 911 °C produce a rearrangement of the cubic crystal lattice in mild steel from face-centred to volume-centred, in which the carbon atoms are arranged inside the cube to form a solid solution: austenite at elevated temperatures and ferrite at normal temperatures. The solid carbon solution in the iron, cementite, makes up the rest of the microstructure of cemented steel. If such steel is not heat-treated, the hard cementite particles become embedded in the soft ferritic base and form a pearlite structure.

After carburizing

After carburizing, the carbon content in the surface layers increases significantly. It also changes the structure of the steels: the subsurface layers are composed of pearlite and a fine cementitic mesh. If the carbon percentage is reduced to 0.8%, the structure becomes eutectoid, and if the carbon content is further reduced, the structure becomes ferrite, and is termed pre-eutectoid.

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Properties of cemented layer

If the surface layer contains 0.9...1.1% C? the operational characteristics of low-carbon steels - wear resistance and hardness - reach their maximum values. It is necessary to avoid the appearance of cementitic mesh (as a result of violation of technological regimes of heat treatment), because it contributes to increasing the brittleness of steels. The most important parameter of cemented layers is their high hardness, which reaches 60...64 HRC.

Cementation errors

If carburizing is done incorrectly, ferritic or ferritic-perlitic structure thin stripes may be formed on the surface of steels. The hardness of the layer decreases as a result. In alloyed steels, in addition to cementite, carbides of other metals are formed. The carbide-forming elements are chromium, tungsten, molybdenum and vanadium. Carbides are not formed by nickel, manganese and cobalt.

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