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In the use of tin, impurities of antimony, copper, bismuth, zinc, aluminum, iron, arsenic and lead are of great importance. These elements not only affect the physical and chemical properties, but also have the property of accelerating or delaying the development of the so-called tin plague.

Lead.

In small quantities, lead does not reduce mechanical properties. Tin used in the production of white canning tin contains up to 0.04% Pb. In the production of high-tin babbitts, consisting of more than 83% tin, in order to avoid the formation of a noticeable volume of fusible eutectics, the proportion of lead should not exceed 0.25%.

Iron

Reduces the plastic properties of the alloy and increases the hardness. The normal iron content of tin does not contribute to its basic properties.

Zinc and Aluminum

These impurities are introduced into tin during the refining process. Because of the formation of thin films consisting of zinc and aluminum oxides that are retained on the surface of the tin, the coalescence of metal droplets is hindered. This significantly hinders the use of this type of tin in soldering and tinning. Impurities of metallic zinc and aluminum significantly reduce overall corrosion resistance. In this regard, the content of these metals in tin is strictly limited (no more than 0.002%).

Copper

Small quantities of copper form an eutectic with tin (0.7 to 1% Cu) at a melting point of 227 °C. Production of most alloys is not harmed by minimal impurities of copper. But in higher concentrations, the addition of copper to tin greatly reduces the overall corrosion resistance.

Arsenic

Arsenic contributes significantly to the plastic properties of a metal by reducing its fluidity. It is particularly harmful in tin that is intended for the production of tin, and the limit of arsenic content in the tin must not exceed 0.015%, otherwise it may affect both the appearance and the nature of its fracture, because the brittleness and hardness of tin increases significantly.

Bismuth

In many cases bismuth is a harmful impurity to tin, and its content is rather strictly limited, even though bismuth has a valuable property. A low content of bismuth (less than 0.035%) prevents the conversion of white tin to grey tin at low temperatures.

Antimony

The presence of up to 9% Sb in tin promotes the formation of solid solutions. Tin, retains its ability to be easily rolled and forged. Many tin alloys do not tolerate the presence of significant amounts of antimony, making it necessary to regulate its content by appropriate standards.

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