History of tin. Physical and mechanical properties.
General Characteristics
Tin is an element of the 4th group of the main subgroup of the V period of D. Mendeleev's table. Its atomic number is 50. It exists in two modifications. 1) β-tin with crystalline tetragonal lattice and semiconductor properties. This so-called gray tin is formed at t° below -13.2°C. 2) White α-tin is stable at higher temperatures, with a diamond-like cubic lattice. Alpha-tin is a very workable, soft, easily fusible, corrosion-resistant metal. It is biologically inert to the human body.
History
Tin is one of the oldest metals that mankind has learned to use and use. This is evidenced by the following:
- The first metallurgical experiments with pure tin took place more than 4 thousand years B.C.: tin was melted by the Khalib tribes who lived in the territories of modern-day Armenia and Northern Iran;
- Nevertheless, tin is a quite rare metal - as for its distribution in the Earth's crust, this metal is only 47th;
- The largest amount of tin is found in the depths of China: there are also deposits of cassiterite - a mineral containing more than 76...78% of tin;
- In the past, pewter was often used to make metal crockery, but over time it became clear that at lower temperatures, "white pewter" was modified into "grey pewter", which was very brittle. This rendered the utensils unusable;
- It is believed that it was the tin elements of the uniforms of Napoleon's army that became one of the reasons of its defeat in the Russian campaign of 1812, since the severe frosts damaged the clothes, a number of household items and weapons parts irreparably.
Buy, price
At the warehouse of Evek GmbH a wide range of products from non-ferrous metals. We supply certified products made of tin and its alloys, tin solders, fluxes
The main mechanical and physical properties of tin.
| Index | Data |
|---|---|
| Crystal structure | (cubic) α and (tetragonal) β |
| Atomic weight | 118,69 |
| Density, kg/m3 | 7300 |
| Tin boiling point, °С | 2270 |
| Tin melting point, °С | 231,9 |
| Temperature of transformation of white into gray tin, °С | 13,2 |
| Latent heat of transformation, kal/g | 4,46 |
| Latent heat of melting, kal/g | 14,4 |
| Volumetric changes during gray to white tin conversion, % | 27 |
| Thermal conductivity, kal/(cm-s-°С) | 0,157 |
| Specific heat capacity at temperatures up to 100°C, kal/(g-c°С) | 0,054 |
| Temperature coefficient of heat conductivity at temp. 20-100 °С-103 | -0,7 |
| Thermal expansion in the liquid state | 100-10-6 |
| Coefficient of linear expansion | 22,4-10-6 (solid) |
| Specific conductivity, m/ Ohm-mm2 | 8,95 |
| Temperature coefficient of electrical resistance | 0,0044 |
| Specific electrical resistance, Ohm-mm2/m | 0,124 |
| Electric resistance in liquid condition (300 °С), Ohm/cm3 | 49-10-3 |
| Surface tension at temperature. 500 °C, dyn/cm | 510 |
| Surface tension at 300°C, dyne/cm | 526 |
| Standard electrode potential, V | -0,136 |
| Modulus of elasticity (at temp. -180°C), kgf/mm2 | 6500 |
| Electrochemical (divalent) equivalent, g/Ah | 2,21 |
| Modulus of elasticity (at temp. 0 °С), kgf/mm2 | 5500 |
| Shear modulus, kgf/mm2 | 1680-1810 |
| Modulus of elasticity (at temp.200°C), kgf/mm2 | 3600 |
| Modulus of elasticity (at temp.100°C), kgf/mm2 | 4800 |
| Limit of elasticity, kgf/mm2 | 0,15 |
| Tensile strength (of cast tin), kgf/mm2 | 1,9-2,1 |
| Yield strength (cast tin), kgf/mm2 | 1,2 |
| Tensile strength (annealed tin), kgf/mm2 | 1,7 |
| Shear Strength (Cast Tin), kgf/mm2 | 2,0 |
| Tensile strength (stretched tin), kgf/mm2 | 2,5 |
| Relative elongation (Cast Tin), % | 45-60 |
| Relative narrowing, % | 75 |
| Relative elongation (annealed tin), % | 80-90 |
| Linear shrinkage, % | 2,7 |
| HB hardness (annealed tin), kgf/mm2 | 40 |
| HB hardness (cast tin), kgf/mm2 | 4,9-5,2 |
| Poise viscosity (at temp.750°C) | 0,0095 |
| Poise viscosity (at 301°C) | 0,0168 |
| Specific magnetic susceptibility | +0,025-10-6 |
