Density and specific heat capacity of spring and spring steel. Physical and mechanical properties.
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General requirements for spring steels
Higher elasticity limit values
Sufficient plasticity (not lower than 4...8%), especially when dynamic and alternating loads are predominant;
The increased hardenability, especially for large-size springs and springs;
The ability to be exposed to various modes of thermal treatment.
Chemical composition
A characteristic feature of the chemical composition of such steels is the increased carbon content to 0.5...0.85%, and for large springs - up to 1.5...2.0% of silicon. Additional increase in resistance and durability is achieved by alloying with chromium and vanadium. Ordinary high-carbon steel alloys, such as 65, are used only in the manufacture of non-responsible parts.
Heat Treatment
Typical heat treatments for spring steels are:
Oil hardening followed by medium-temperature tempering for troostite in the structure;
Mid-temperature tempering to ensure proper plasticity characteristics.
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Performance properties of spring steels,
| Steel grade | yield strength, MPa | Tensile strength, MPa | Relative elongation, % | Relative narrowing of cross section, % | Tensile strength, kg/m2 | Heat treatment mode |
| 60С2 | 1150 | 1300 | 11...13 | 32...33 | 2.5 | Tempering from 820...8400 С in oil, tempering at 5500 С |
| 50CRPHASE | 875 | 960 | 22 | 62 | 4,5 | Tempering at 850...8600 C in oil, tempering at 6400 C |
Application
Steel grades 60C2 and 70C3A are commonly used for the manufacture of springs and springs of small dimensions: no more than 16...18 mm. During heating for hardening, these steels have a tendency to increase grain size, and carbon burn-out decreases the endurance limit. To make larger springs with increased capacity, steel 60C2ХА additionally alloyed with chrome is used. However, the ductility of this steel is reduced, which makes it difficult to deform the initial blanks. The spring spring steel with vanadium in its composition (50XFA, 50XGF, etc.) is characterized by increased toughness and the increased endurance limit. Springs of these steels are used in very hard conditions.
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