Tool steels

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Technical characteristics

Tool steels are those which contain more than 0.5% carbon and are used for metal cutting, stamping and measuring tools. Steel alloys of this group of domestic production are made in accordance with the technical norms and requirements of the following standards:

GOST Standards for tool steels production
1435-90 Carbon steel
5950-2000 Alloyed
19265-73, 28393-89 High speed-cutting
801-78 Bearings

Classification according to GOST 1435-90

Metal products are subdivided into:

- qualitative;

- high-quality - A.

By purpose

Depending on mass fraction of chromium, nickel and copper metal products are divided into three groups:

1 - products of all kinds, including cores, except for patented wire and ribbon;

2 - patented wire and ribbon;

3 - all types of products (including hot- and cold-rolled sheets and strips), production technology of which provides for multiple heating, intensifying the possibility of graphitization of steel, as well as for products, which require increased hardenability (except for rolled cores, patented wire and ribbon).

By mode of treatment

Hot-rolled and forged bars and strips are divided into subgroups:

a - for hot pressure treatment (including upsetting, upsetting), as well as cold drawing;

b - for cold machining (turning, gouging, milling, etc.).

3.1.5 Metal products are subdivided into groups according to quality and surface finish:

hot-rolled and forged:

- 2GP - subgroup a,

- 3GP - subgroup b;

- calibrated - into B and C groups;

with special surface treatment - into C, D, E.

By state of material

- without heat treatment;

- heat-treated - TO;

- Nailed - NG (calibrated and with special surface treatment).

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Chemical Composition

Steel grade Mass fraction of element, %
carbon silicon manganese sulfur phosphorus
not more than
У7 0,65-0,74 0,17-0,33 0,17-0,33 0,028 0,030
У8 0,75-0,84 0,17-0,33 0,17-0,33 0,028 0,030
U8G 0,80-0,90 0,17-0,33 0,33-0,58 0,028 0,030
У9 0,85-0,94 0,17-0,33 0,17-0,33 0,028 0,030
У10 0,95-1,09 0,17-0,33 0,17-0,33 0,028 0,030
У12 1,10-1,29 0,17-0,33 0,17-0,33 0,028 0,030
U7A 0,65-0,74 0,17-0,33 0,17-0,28 0,018 0,025
U8A 0,75-0,84 0,17-0,33 0,17-0,28 0,018 0,025
U8GA 0,80-0,90 0,17-0,33 0,33-0,58 0,018 0,025
U9A 0,85-0,94 0,17-0,33 0,17-0,28 0,018 0,025
U10A 0,95-1,09 0,17-0,33 0,17-0,28 0,018 0,025
U12A 1,10-1,29 0,17-0,33 0,17-0,28 0,018 0,025

Notes

1 Letters and numbers in the grade designation mean: U - carbon, followed by a number - the average mass fraction of carbon in tenths of a percent, D - increased mass fraction of manganese.

2 The mass fraction of sulfur in the composition obtained by electroslag remelting must not exceed 0,013%.

Table 2

Steel products group Steel grade Mass fraction of an element, %
chromium nickel copper
less than
1 UR7, UR8, UR8G, UR9, UR10, UR12, UR7A, UR8A, UR8GA, UR9A, UR10A, UR12A Not more than 0.20 0,25 0,25
2 U7A, U8A, U8GA, U9A, U10A, U12A Not more than 0.12 0,12 0,20
3 U7, U8, U8G, U9, U10, U12, U7A, U8A, U8GA, U9A, U10A, U12A 0,20-0,40 0,25 0,25

Notes

1 The total mass fraction of chromium, nickel and copper in Group 2 products must not exceed 0.40%.

2 For Group 1 and 3 steel products made of scrap steel alloys, the mass fraction of nickel, copper and chromium may be increased by 0.05% of each element as compared to the ones specified in the tables below. The increase of nickel, copper and chromium mass fraction is not allowed in metal for cold rolled strip production.

GOST 5950-2000

This State Standard regulates the production of the following tool alloy steels:

8X2B2MFC2, 11X4B2MF3C2, 7XG2BMF, 9X5BF, 3X2MNF, 5X2MNF, 4XMNFC, 4X3BMF, 3XZM3F, 13X, 8XF, 9XF, 11XF, 11X, 9XFM, 8X6NFT, 85X6NFT, 6X4M2FC, X6BF;

X12MF, X12F1, X, 9X1, 12X1, 120X, 5XNBC, 7X3, 8X3, 6XC, 9G2F

9XBG, 6XBG, 4X4BMFC, 4X5MF1C, 4X2B5MF, 5X3B3MFC, 6XB2C, 5XB2CF, 6X3MFC, 6X6B3MFC, X12, 40XCMF, 9XC, B2F, XHS, 4XC, XHSGF, 4X5MFC, XVG, X12MF, X12F1, 5XNM, Steel 5XB4XMFC, 4X5B2FC.

The first digits of the marking indicate the carbon content in %%, if the figure is close to one, it is not indicated. Alphabetic composition means the presence of alloying elements.

GOST 5950-2000 standards of chemical composition are applied to various kinds of rolled steel products: sheets, pipes, blooms, bands, ingots, forgings, slabs, billets , etc. The document also standardizes the product compliance with the characteristics and content of alloying elements (tungsten, chromium, manganese). Such products include calibrated and hot-rolled bars, hot-rolled coils, alloyed steel coated bars, hot-rolled strips, forged bars and strips.

GOST 5950

Stamped steel grades include: 4X5MFC, X12MF, X12F1, as well as 9XC, 4X5MFC, etc. Analogues: 9XC and XVG, 9XC and 65 G. Steel alloys of this type cannot be used for welded structures. They are used in the manufacture of cutting tools: cutters, dies, drills, broaches, taps, etc. The range includes:

  1. Specially finished, hot-rolled, calibrated, forged circles;
  2. calibrated hexagons;
  3. squares calibrated, hot-rolled, forged;
  4. forged strip.

GOST 19265-73, GOST-28393-89

Fast-cutting steel is a high-alloy heat-resistant alloy used for making cutting tools operating under conditions of significant force loading and cutting edge heating. The tool can work at high cutting speeds without losing its hardness. A distinctive feature of high-speed steels is their high heat resistance (600-650°C) in combination with high hardness (64-71 HRC), wear resistance and increased resistance to plastic deformation.

Relevance

The use of high-speed steels as material for cutting tools makes it possible to increase the cutting speed by 2-4 times and the tool life by 10-40 times in comparison with tool steels without heat resistance.
Inferior to hard alloys in heat resistance and hardness, high-speed steels are superior to them in strength and toughness. In addition, unlike hard alloys, high-speed steels can be machined by cutting.
In addition to their main purpose, high-speed steels are also used for production of roller bearings, fuel needles, heavy-duty cold deformation dies, etc.

GOST 19265-73 applies to:

hot-rolled bars and strips;

Forged bars and strips;

calibrated bars and strips;

Ruts with special surface treatment (silvering).

High heat resistance of high-speed steels is determined by the composition and the special regime of heat treatment for secondary hardness.

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